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Scn1a dendrite axon11/16/2023 ![]() ![]() Surveillance: Serial neuropsychological evaluation for neurologic, cognitive, and behavioral deterioration EEG monitoring for new or different seizure types polysomnography should be considered if obstructive or central sleep apnea is suspected.Īgents/circumstances to avoid: ASMs: carbamazepine, lamotrigine, and vigabatrin, which can induce or increase myoclonic seizures phenytoin, which can induce choreoathetosis rufinamide may exacerbate seizures as well acetaminophen, which is hepatotoxic. Persons with epilepsy should be made aware of motor vehicle driving laws. Prevention of secondary complications: Use of protective helmets by individuals with atonic seizures or myoclonic-astatic epilepsy. Routine seizure and personal safety education is indicated. Parents are advised to take a CPR course. Use of the ketogenic diet to decrease seizure frequency has been beneficial in some affected individuals. Phenobarbital is effective but poorly tolerated because of its effects on cognition. Levetiracetam is often effective, but may make seizures worse in some individuals. Anti-seizure medication (ASM): clobazam (can be used for treatment of seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome) stiripentol, benzodiazepines, cannabidiol, topiramate, levetiracetam, valproic acid, and ethosuximide. Seizure control is critical to prevent permanent injury and death. ![]() All rights reserved.Treatment of manifestations: Care is best provided by a physician (e.g., pediatric epileptologist) familiar with the pharmacotherapy for this disorder. We conclude that neurons in vivo can respond to simultaneous axon and dendrite injury by initiating growth of a new axon and new dendrites.Īxon regeneration Dendrite regeneration Endoplasmic reticulum Microtubule polarity Neuronal polarity.Ĭopyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. The long process also accumulated endoplasmic reticulum at its tip like regenerating axons. Moreover, the long neurite had axonal plus-end-out microtubule polarity and the shorter neurites had mixed polarity consistent with dendrite identity. In this case a long unbranched neurite and short branched neurites were regrown from the stripped cell body. To further test the capacity of neurons to implement polarized regeneration after axon and dendrite damage, we removed all neurites from mature neurons. These observations suggested axons and dendrites could regrow at the same time. After removal of the axon and all but one dendrite, the remaining dendrite was converted to a process that had a long unbranched region that extended over long distances and a region where shorter branched processes were added. ![]() To investigate the outcome of simultaneous axon and dendrite damage, we used a Drosophila model system in which neuronal polarity, axon regeneration, and dendrite regeneration have been characterized. Whether neurons in vivo can sense and respond to simultaneous axon and dendrite injury with polarized regeneration has not been explored. Axon and dendrite regeneration have been examined separately and require sensing the injury and reinitiating the correct growth program. Rather than undergoing cell death, some neurons can regrow axons and dendrites. ![]() If either type of process is removed, the cell cannot function. Neurons extend dendrites and axons to receive and send signals. ![]()
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